VTE Prophylaxis in Pregnancy

Published thromboprophylaxis checklists, rebuilt as interactive tools.

Our guidelines still arrive on paper. The RCOG risk assessment is a printed table of 28 risk factors with a tick column, a score column and a box marked TOTAL. The SMFM checklist is a one-page PDF, meant to be referenced during the cesarean sign-out. Who carries these pages? Who adds up the score correctly at 3 a.m., remembers which factors count only after birth, and turns a spinal placement time into the earliest safe heparin dose?

SMFM answers part of that question itself. Its checklist warns that relying on memory alone to guide prophylaxis "is likely to result in errors." A sheet of paper does not remember either. It cannot add, cannot stop two choices that exclude each other, cannot switch thresholds after birth, and cannot tell a clinician that a rule on another page overrides the score.

Paper is out. Every checklist on this site is interactive. Each tool applies one published guideline exactly as written, does the arithmetic, applies the timing rules, and labels every recommendation with the line of the source it comes from. Where a source document is ambiguous or contradicts itself, the tool says so instead of guessing.

The question each tool answers is the same: who should receive low molecular weight heparin, when, and for how long. Heparin prevents clots, but it also brings injections, bleeding risk and anesthetic timing constraints. The guidelines answer that question differently. The RCOG scores risk across pregnancy and the puerperium; SMFM, after cesarean, asks about prior VTE, thrombophilia and severe obesity. Side by side, the differences become visible.

Tools

Each tool runs entirely in your browser. Nothing you enter is stored or sent anywhere.

How the two guidelines differ

The same woman can receive no LMWH under one guideline and six weeks under the other. The differences below are read directly from the two source documents.

RCOG GTG 37a position statementSMFM checklist (Consult Series #51)
ScopeAntenatal and postnatal, all modes of birth, any admissionAfter cesarean only
MethodWeighted point score. Thresholds: 4 (antenatal, first trimester), 3 (from 28 weeks), 2 (postnatal)Categories: prior DVT/PE, any thrombophilia, BMI ≥ 40 combined with either
Cesarean aloneCesarean in labour scores 2, which alone meets the postnatal threshold for LMWH (at least 10 days)Sequential compression devices only
Low-risk thrombophilia, no VTE1 point; 6 weeks only with a first-degree family historyLMWH for 6 weeks
Obesity aloneBMI 40–49 scores 2; BMI ≥ 50 means LMWH in pregnancy and for 6 weeks postpartumNo LMWH at any BMI without prior VTE or thrombophilia
Infection, surgery, immobility4 points each; continue LMWH while present and for 7 days afterNot listed as risk factors
DoseWeight bands: 40, 60 or 80 mg enoxaparin daily; 0.6 mg/kg/day at 170 kg or moreEnoxaparin 40 mg daily; 40 mg every 12 hours if BMI ≥ 40 with VTE or thrombophilia; individualized for combinations
Anesthesia timingNot addressedExplicit intervals after general and neuraxial anesthesia

Neither threshold is outcome-validated. The RCOG model has not been formally validated, and SMFM grades its recommendations as weak, based on low-quality evidence. Neither document cites data showing that its threshold prevents more deaths than the other. In New York's statewide Safe Motherhood Initiative, hospitals that adopted a VTE bundle gave more prophylaxis at cesarean, but VTE risk did not differ by implementation.

Sources

Publications used on this page
  1. Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Green-top Guideline No. 37a. Reducing the Risk of Venous Thromboembolism During Pregnancy and the Puerperium: Position Statement. London: RCOG; [date not stated on document].GuidelineSource of the RCOG tool. Read from the source document.
  2. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine; Patient Safety and Quality Committee; Combs CA. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Checklist for thromboembolism prophylaxis after cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Oct:B22-B23. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2020.07.013GuidelineSource of the SMFM tool. Read from the source document; volume and issue not printed on it.
  3. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM); Pacheco LD, Saade G, Metz TD. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Consult Series #51: Thromboembolism prophylaxis for cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;222:B11-7.GuidelineParent document of the checklist. Citation as printed in the checklist; RefVerify pending.
  4. American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. ACOG Practice Bulletin No. 196: Thromboembolism in Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol. 2018;132(1):e1-e17.GuidelineRelative risk and share of US maternal deaths. Volume and pages from general knowledge; current reaffirmation status not verified; RefVerify pending.
  5. Blondon M, Casini A, Hoppe KK, Boehlen F, Righini M, Smith NL. Risks of venous thromboembolism after cesarean sections: a meta-analysis. Chest. 2016;150:572-96.Meta-analysisCesarean versus vaginal birth. As cited by SMFM; RefVerify pending.
  6. Gomez D, Orfanelli T, Awomolo A, Doulaveris G, Rosen T, Duzyj C. A comparison of pregnancy-specific risk scoring systems for venous thromboembolic pharmacoprophylaxis in hospitalized maternity patients. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2022;35(18):3579-86. doi:10.1080/14767058.2020.1832072Observational638 women; proportion meeting RCOG versus ACOG criteria. RefVerify pending.
  7. Friedman AM, Ananth CV, Lavery JA, Fleischer AA, Chazotte C, D'Alton ME, et al. Implementing obstetric venous thromboembolism protocols on a statewide basis: results from New York State's Safe Motherhood Initiative. Am J Perinatol. 2019;36(6):574-80 (epub 2018). doi:10.1055/s-0038-1668549Observational117 of 124 New York hospitals; no difference in VTE risk by bundle implementation. RefVerify pending.
  8. Raia-Barjat T, Edebiri O, Chauleur C. Venous thromboembolism risk score and pregnancy. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:863612. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.863612ReviewValidation status of pregnancy VTE scores, including RCOG. RefVerify pending.