Impact of Event Scale — Revised (IES-R)

A validated 22-item screening tool for post-traumatic stress symptoms. For clinical and personal use. No data is stored or transmitted.

About this tool: The IES-R measures three core symptom clusters of PTSD: Intrusion (unwanted thoughts/flashbacks), Avoidance (numbing, emotional avoidance), and Hyperarousal (irritability, difficulty sleeping, heightened startle). Developed by Weiss & Marmar (1997), it is widely used in obstetric trauma research, including after difficult deliveries, pregnancy loss, and ICU stays.

What is PTSD?

Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a mental health condition that can develop after experiencing or witnessing a deeply distressing event — such as a traumatic birth, pregnancy loss, sexual assault, serious accident, or life-threatening illness. It is not a sign of weakness. It is a recognized medical condition in which the brain and body remain in a state of high alert long after the danger has passed.

PTSD is characterized by four main symptom clusters: re-experiencing the event (flashbacks, nightmares, intrusive memories), actively avoiding reminders of it, negative changes in thoughts and mood, and persistent physical and emotional hyperarousal (feeling on edge, difficulty sleeping, exaggerated startle response). Symptoms typically persist for more than one month and cause significant distress or interference with daily life. Effective treatments exist, including trauma-focused therapy and medication.

What a PTSD diagnosis actually requires — and what this scale cannot tell you

A formal diagnosis requires a structured clinical assessment by a qualified professional confirming all of the following:

The IES-R alone cannot establish any of these. It measures symptom intensity at a single point in time — nothing more.

Many physicians, first responders, ICU nurses, and caregivers score high during acutely stressful periods and later normalize without ever having PTSD. A high score reflects current distress. It does not confirm a diagnosis, and a low score does not rule one out.

Instructions: Below is a list of difficulties people sometimes have after a stressful life event. Please read each item and indicate how distressing each difficulty has been for you during the past 7 days with respect to the event described above. Rate each item for how much it bothered you on the following scale: 0 = Not at all, 1 = A little bit, 2 = Moderately, 3 = Quite a bit, 4 = Extremely.
0 / 22 answered 0%
During the past 7 days Intrusion Intrusive Symptoms
1. Any reminder brought back feelings about it.
2. I had trouble staying asleep.
3. Other things kept making me think about it.
4. I thought about it when I didn't mean to.
5. Pictures about it popped into my mind.
6. I had waves of strong feelings about it.
7. I had dreams about it.
8. I found myself acting or feeling as though I were back at that time.
During the past 7 days Avoidance Avoidance Symptoms
9. I stayed away from reminders of it.
10. I felt as if it hadn't happened or wasn't real.
8. I tried not to think about it.
12. My feelings about it were kind of numb.
13. I tried to remove it from my memory.
14. I tried not to talk about it.
15. I was aware that I still had a lot of feelings about it, but I didn't deal with them.
16. I tried not to talk about it.
During the past 7 days Hyperarousal Hyperarousal Symptoms
17. I felt irritable and angry.
18. I was jumpy and easily startled.
19. I had trouble concentrating.
20. Reminders of it caused me to have physical reactions, such as sweating, trouble breathing, nausea, or a pounding heart.
21. I had trouble falling asleep.
22. I felt watchful and on-guard.

All questions must be answered before calculating.

0
IES-R Total Score
out of 88 maximum

How PTSD is defined using the IES-R

The IES-R does not diagnose PTSD. It measures the intensity of post-traumatic stress symptoms across three clusters: intrusion, avoidance, and hyperarousal. A total score of 33 or above is the threshold most widely used in research to indicate probable PTSD and to recommend formal clinical evaluation.

Some studies use a cutoff of 24 for moderate clinical concern. A score of 33 or above has been shown to have high sensitivity for identifying PTSD as defined by DSM criteria. A score of 49 or above suggests a severe symptom burden that warrants urgent professional attention. Subscale scores can help identify which symptom cluster is most prominent and guide the clinical conversation.

0
Intrusion
/32
0
Avoidance
/32
0
Hyperarousal
/24

What Your Score Means

Score Range Level Clinical Meaning

⚠️ Important — Please Read Before Acting on Your Score

Please treat your scores on this or any other online questionnaire with caution. Questionnaires cannot be used to make a diagnosis of a mental health condition. Where a mental health condition has already been diagnosed by a suitably qualified and experienced health professional, this questionnaire may be used as one guide to the current severity of your symptoms — not as a standalone measure.

Always consult a qualified health professional if you are concerned in any way about your mental health. A score above the screening threshold means further evaluation is warranted — not that you have PTSD. A score below the threshold does not rule out PTSD or other conditions that deserve clinical attention.

If you are worried about your safety or the safety of someone else, do not wait. Contact your physician, go to the nearest emergency department, or call emergency services immediately.

Crisis and Support Resources (UK)
NHS Emergencies: call 999
NHS Non-emergency: call 111
Samaritans: call 116 123 (free, 24/7) or email jo@samaritans.org
Additional helplines: NHS Help for Suicidal Thoughts
Crisis and Support Resources (US)
988 Suicide & Crisis Lifeline: call or text 988 (free, 24/7)
SAMHSA Helpline: call 1-800-662-4357 (free, confidential, 24/7)
Emergency: call 911

Reference: Weiss DS, Marmar CR. The Impact of Event Scale — Revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York: Guilford Press; 1997. p. 399-411.