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Abnormal Ultrasound · 100 Questions

Abnormal Ultrasound Findings
100 Questions

Click any button to open Claude or ChatGPT with the question pre-loaded — tailored for patients or clinicians, with instructions to cite peer-reviewed sources only.

Developed by Amos Grünebaum, MD · Maternal-Fetal Medicine
Important: AI may occasionally generate inaccurate citations. Always verify references independently before clinical use. This tool instructs the AI to cite only peer-reviewed journals or major guidelines (ACOG, SMFM, CDC, NIH, WHO).
1
First Trimester Abnormal Findings
10 questions
1
What is a blighted ovum and how is it diagnosed on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
2
What is an embryonic demise and what ultrasound criteria confirm it?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
3
What is a subchorionic hematoma and what does size mean for prognosis?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
4
What is a pregnancy of unknown location and how is it evaluated?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
5
What does a yolk sac that is too large or too small indicate?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
6
What is a retrochorionic hematoma and how does it differ from subchorionic?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
7
What is an irregular gestational sac and what does it predict?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
8
What does absent or slow embryonic cardiac activity mean in the first trimester?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
9
What is a low-lying gestational sac and what is the significance?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
10
What is a dichorionic versus monochorionic twin pregnancy and how is chorionicity determined?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
2
Nuchal Translucency and First Trimester Markers
10 questions
11
What is an increased nuchal translucency and what conditions is it associated with?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
12
At what NT measurement is referral or further evaluation recommended?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
13
What is the nasal bone and what does absence in the first trimester indicate?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
14
What is tricuspid regurgitation on first trimester ultrasound and what does it mean?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
15
What is the ductus venosus waveform and what does an abnormal result indicate?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
16
What is a cystic hygroma and how does it differ from increased NT?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
17
What is reversed a-wave in the ductus venosus and what is its significance?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
18
What soft markers in the first trimester are associated with aneuploidy?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
19
What is the contingent screening approach using first trimester markers?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
20
What does a normal NT with abnormal cell-free DNA mean clinically?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
3
Fetal Brain and Neural Tube Abnormalities
10 questions
21
What is ventriculomegaly and how is it classified by severity?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
22
What is agenesis of the corpus callosum and what are its implications?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
23
What is a Dandy-Walker malformation and how is it diagnosed?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
24
What is holoprosencephaly and what are the three types?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
25
What is spina bifida and what are the ultrasound findings?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
26
What is anencephaly and how is it diagnosed on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
27
What is a posterior fossa abnormality and how is it evaluated?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
28
What is the lemon and banana sign and what condition do they indicate?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
29
What is a choroid plexus cyst and when is further workup needed?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
30
What is intracranial hemorrhage on fetal ultrasound and what causes it?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
4
Fetal Heart Abnormalities
10 questions
31
What is a ventricular septal defect and how is it detected prenatally?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
32
What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome and what are the ultrasound findings?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
33
What is transposition of the great arteries and how is it diagnosed?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
34
What is tetralogy of Fallot and what are the four components on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
35
What is an atrioventricular septal defect and what condition is it associated with?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
36
What is coarctation of the aorta and why is it difficult to diagnose prenatally?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
37
What is an echogenic intracardiac focus and what is the current evidence on its significance?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
38
What is a fetal arrhythmia and how is it evaluated on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
39
What is complete heart block and what causes it in the fetus?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
40
What is cardiomegaly on fetal ultrasound and what are the common causes?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
5
Fetal Abdominal and Gastrointestinal Abnormalities
10 questions
41
What is gastroschisis and how is it managed after prenatal diagnosis?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
42
What is an omphalocele and how does it differ from gastroschisis?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
43
What is duodenal atresia and what is the classic ultrasound sign?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
44
What is echogenic bowel and what workup is indicated?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
45
What is a choledochal cyst and how is it diagnosed prenatally?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
46
What is dilated bowel on fetal ultrasound and what causes it?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
47
What is an abdominal cyst on fetal ultrasound and what are the differential diagnoses?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
48
What is meconium peritonitis and what does it look like on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
49
What is liver hyperechogenicity on fetal ultrasound and what causes it?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
50
What is absent stomach bubble on fetal ultrasound and what does it indicate?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
6
Fetal Renal and Urological Abnormalities
10 questions
51
What is pyelectasis and at what measurement is it considered significant?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
52
What is hydronephrosis on fetal ultrasound and how is it graded?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
53
What is bilateral renal agenesis and what is the prognosis?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
54
What is a multicystic dysplastic kidney and how is it managed?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
55
What is posterior urethral valves and what are the ultrasound findings?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
56
What is a duplex collecting system and when does it require follow-up?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
57
What is an ovarian cyst in the female fetus and how is it managed?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
58
What is megacystis on fetal ultrasound and what does it indicate?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
59
What is echogenic kidneys on fetal ultrasound and what are the causes?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
60
What is ureterocele and how is it diagnosed prenatally?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
7
Fetal Skeletal and Facial Abnormalities
10 questions
61
What is a cleft lip and palate and how reliably is it diagnosed prenatally?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
62
What is thanatophoric dysplasia and what are the ultrasound features?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
63
What is achondroplasia and can it be diagnosed on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
64
What is osteogenesis imperfecta and what are the prenatal ultrasound findings?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
65
What is a club foot and what conditions is it associated with?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
66
What is short long bones on ultrasound and what is the workup?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
67
What is micrognathia and what conditions is it associated with?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
68
What is a facial cleft other than cleft lip and how is it classified?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
69
What are absent or hypoplastic nasal bones and what is their significance at anatomy scan?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
70
What is polydactyly on fetal ultrasound and what syndromes are associated?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
8
Placental and Umbilical Cord Abnormalities
10 questions
71
What is a low-lying placenta and at what gestational age does it require follow-up?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
72
What is placenta previa and how is it classified on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
73
What are the ultrasound findings of placenta accreta spectrum?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
74
What is a succenturiate lobe and what is the clinical significance?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
75
What is a circumvallate placenta and how does it affect outcomes?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
76
What is a two-vessel cord and what workup is recommended?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
77
What is velamentous cord insertion and what is the risk?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
78
What is vasa previa and how is it identified on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
79
What is a placental lake and when is it clinically significant?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
80
What is a hypercoiled or hypocoiled umbilical cord and what does it mean?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
9
Amniotic Fluid and Fetal Growth Abnormalities
10 questions
81
What is polyhydramnios and how is it defined on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
82
What is oligohydramnios and what are the most common causes?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
83
What is anhydramnios and what is the prognosis?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
84
What is fetal growth restriction and how is it classified on ultrasound?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
85
What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric fetal growth restriction?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
86
What is a large for gestational age fetus and when is it concerning?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
87
What is abdominal circumference lag and what does it indicate?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
88
What is abnormal Doppler flow in fetal growth restriction and what does it predict?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
89
What is absent or reversed end-diastolic flow and what action is required?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
90
What is brain-sparing physiology and what does it mean for the fetus?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
10
Hydrops, Masses, and Complex Findings
10 questions
91
What is fetal hydrops and what are the immune and non-immune causes?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
92
What is a fetal neck mass and what are the differential diagnoses?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
93
What is a sacrococcygeal teratoma and how is it managed prenatally?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
94
What is a fetal lung mass and what are the types?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
95
What is a congenital pulmonary airway malformation and what is the prognosis?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
96
What is a bronchopulmonary sequestration and how is it differentiated from CPAM?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
97
What is a fetal ovarian cyst and when does it require intervention?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
98
What is a choroid plexus papilloma and how is it identified prenatally?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
99
What is twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and what are the ultrasound criteria?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT
100
What is selective fetal growth restriction in monochorionic twins and how is it managed?
Patient Claude GPT
Clinician Claude GPT